CC(1) CC(1)
NAME
cc, lcc - C compilers
SYNOPSIS
cc [ option ... ] file ...
lcc [ option ... ] file ...
DESCRIPTION
Cc compiles the classic C language; lcc compiles ANSI. They
are otherwise similar. In the absence of options, any named
source files are compiled into object files and then linked,
together with any named object files, into a single exe-
cutable file named Compilation normally has four phases:
preprocessing of # directives, compilation to assembly lan-
guage, assembly, and linking. Suffixes of file names deter-
mine which phases they participate in:
.c C source to be preprocessed and compiled. Object code
for this file is finally placed in a correspondingly
named `.o' file, except when exactly one file is being
compiled and linked.
.i C source to be compiled without preprocessing; # direc-
tives are ignored by cc, forbidden by lcc.
.s Assembler source to be assembled, producing a `.o'
file.
.o A preexisting object file to be linked.
Both compilers accept options of ld(1), the most common of
which are -o (to substitute a name for a.out) and -l (to
link from a library), and in addition
-c Suppress the linking phase, producing .o files but no
a.out.
-g Produce additional symbol table information for debug-
gers such as pi(9.1).
-O Invoke an object-code improver; superfluous in lcc.
-w Suppress warning diagnostics. In lcc, #pragma ref
variable supplies a dummy reference to suppress an
unused-variable diagnostic.
-p Arrange for the compiler to produce code which counts
the number of times each routine is called; also, if
linking takes place, replace the standard startup
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routine by one which arranges to gather profiling data
for later examination by prof(1).
-pg Like -p but for gprof instead of prof(1).
-S Compile the named C programs, and leave the assembler-
language output in .s files.
-E Run the preprocessor on the named C programs, and send
the result to the standard output.
-C Prevent the preprocessor from eliding comments.
-Dname=def
-Dname
Define the name to the preprocessor, as if by
`#define'. If no definition is given, the name is
defined as `1'. Lcc predefines a few symbols on most
machines; option -v exposes them.
-Uname
Remove any initial definition of name.
-Idir
`#include' files whose names do not begin with `/' are
always sought first in the directory of the file argu-
ment, then in directories named in -I options, then in
directories on a standard list.
These options are peculiar to cc:
-P Run the preprocessor on each `.c' file. Produce no
line numbers. Place results in `.i' files.
-R Cause as(1) to make initialized variables shared and
read-only.
-Bstring
Find substitute compiler passes in the files named
string with the suffixes cpp, ccom and c2. If string
is empty, use a standard backup version.
-t[p012]
Find only the designated compiler passes in the files
whose names are constructed by a -B option. In the
absence of a -B option, the string is taken to be
These options are peculiar to lcc:
-N Do not search standard directories for include files.
Omit non-ANSI language extensions.
CC(1) CC(1)
-A Warn about calls to functions without prototypes.
-b produce code that writes an expression-level profile
into prof.out. bprint(1) produces an annotated list-
ing, and -Wf-a uses the profile to improve register
assignments.
-dn Generate jump tables for switches with density at least
n, a floating-point constant between zero and one, 0.5
by default.
-P Write declarations for all defined globals on standard
error.
-n Produce code that reports and aborts upon dereferencing
a zero pointer.
-M Run only the preprocessor to generate make(1) dependen-
cies on the standard output.
-t Produce code to print trace messages at function entry
and exit.
-Wpopt
Pass preprocessor option opt to the (Gnu) preprocessor.
For example, -Wp-T allows ANSI trigraph sequences.
-Waopt, -Wlopt, -Wfopt
Pass option opt to the assembler (as(1)), loader
(ld(1)), or compiler proper.
-Bstr
Use the compiler strrcc instead of the default version.
Str usually ends with a slash.
-v Report compiler steps (and some version numbers) as
they are executed. A second -v causes steps to be
reported but not executed.
Lcc supports asm(string). The given string constant is
copied to the generated assembly language output with occur-
rences of %name replaced by the address or register for
identifier name if it is visible. Otherwise, %name is sim-
ply copied to the output. Wide-character literals are
treated as plain char literals; ints and long ints are the
same size, as are doubles and long doubles.
EXAMPLES
lcc -N -I/usr/include/libc file.c
Use local include files instead of ANSI standard ones,
which lack most functions of Section 2 of this manual,
and often disagree (especially about const) with those
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in Section 3. See intro(3).
FILES
Different machines use different file names, so this list is
only representative. Lcc option -v exposes the correct
names.
linked output
temporary
preprocessor, cpp(8)
ANSI preprocessor
cc compiler proper
optional optimizer for
cc
assembler, as(1)
lcc compiler proper
runtime startoff
startoff for profiling
standard library, see
intro(3)
directory for cc `#include' files
directory for ANSI standard `#include' files
directory for local
lcc include files
SEE ALSO
lint(1), ld(1), strip(1), nm(1), prof(1), bprint(1), cin(1),
adb(1), pi(9.1), c++(1)
B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, The C Programming
Language, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, 1988
BUGS
Cc cannot handle the `-y' flag of ld.
Lcc currently uses the pre-ANSI library.
MACHINE DEPENDENCIES
VAX
-pg is unimplemented.
Cc and lcc use incompatible bit-field layouts and structure
return conventions.
MIPS
Lcc does not implement -p or -pg, and its -g supports break-
points but not the examination of variables.
Cc and lcc use incompatible bit-field layouts.
Sun
Lcc options -Bdynamic and -Bstatic give the binding strat-
egy; see ld(1).
Cc and lcc use incompatible bit-field layouts and structure
return conventions.