XD(1) XD(1)
NAME
xd, od - hex, octal, decimal, or ASCII dump
SYNOPSIS
xd [ option ... ] [ -format ... ] [ file ... ]
od [ -bcdox ] [ file ] [ +offset ]
DESCRIPTION
Xd concatenates and dumps the files (standard input by
default) in one or more formats. Groups of 16 bytes are
printed in each of the named formats, one format per line.
Each line of output is prefixed by its address (byte offset)
in the input file. The first line of output for each group
is zero-padded; subsequent are blank-padded.
Formats other than -c are specified by pairs of characters
telling size and style, `4x' by default. The sizes are
1 or b 1-byte units.
2 or w 2-byte units.
4 or l 4-byte units.
The styles are
o Octal.
x Hexadecimal.
d Decimal.
Other options are
-c Format as 1x but print ASCII representations or C
escape sequences where possible.
-astyle
Print file addresses in the given style (and size 4).
-s Reverse (swab) the order of bytes in each group of 4
before printing.
-r Print repeating groups of identical 16-byte sequences
as the first group followed by an asterisk.
Od dumps a file or the standard input in one or more formats
as selected by the first argument, octal by default.
The format characters mean
b Bytes in octal.
c Bytes in ASCII with C escapes and 3-digit octal for
XD(1) XD(1)
other characters.
d 16-bit words in decimal.
o 16-bit words in octal.
x 16-bit words in hex.
The offset argument tells where in the file to begin dump-
ing. The offset, normally interpreted in octal, is inter-
preted in hexadecimal if it begins with `x' or `0x', and in
decimal if it ends with `.' or `.b'. If it ends in `b', it
is multiplied by 512. The preceding + may be omitted if
file is present.
SEE ALSO
adb(1), strings(1), vis(1)
BUGS
The various output formats don't line up properly in the
output of xd.
A spurious zero byte reported by od at the end of odd-length
files is betrayed by the correctly printed final address.
The offset is ineffectual if lseek(2) won't work on the
file.
On some raw devices offsets must be a multiple of the natu-
ral block size.