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     PS(1)                                                       PS(1)

     NAME
          ps - process status

     SYNOPSIS
          ps option ...

     DESCRIPTION
          Ps prints information about processes.

          For each process reported, the process id, control terminal,
          status, cpu time, and command name are printed.  Status is
          at least one of the following letters:

          R    Runnable.
          S    Asleep for less than 20 seconds.
          I    Asleep for 20 seconds or more.
          P    Waiting for memory to be paged in.
          T    Stopped by a debugger.
          W    Swapped out of memory.
          N    Positive scheduling priority; see nice(2).

          These options modify the report for each process:

          f    Print additional lines listing each open file in use by
               the process.
          ff   Print open files, but omit the process id at the begin-
               ning of each line.
          h    Print column headers.
          l    Also print virtual size and current resident size in
               kilobytes, parent process id, and wait channel.
          n    Don't sort the output.
          u    Also print effective userid and recent cpu share; sort
               by cpu share rather than by process id.

          By default, processes running under the current real userid
          that don't appear to be shells are reported.  These options
          pick different processes:

          a    Report processes running under any userid.
          Ffile
               Report processes using the named file.
          r    Report processes with real or effective userid matching
               the current real userid.
          ts   Report processes with controlling terminal s. S may be
               `.'  (the current controlling terminal) or one of the
               abbreviations printed by ps, e.g.  `03' for `dk26' for
               or `?'  for processes with no control terminal.
          x    Include processes that appear to be shells.
          num  Report the process with process id num.

     PS(1)                                                       PS(1)

          Multiple F, t, and num options are allowed; the union of all
          selections is printed.

          By default, ps looks for process data in the process file
          system proc(4), but reads for information about swapped pro-
          cesses (to avoid swapping them in just to look at them) and
          for information about open files.  These options cause it to
          gather information differently:

          o    Ignore proc(4); read directly from and the swap area.
               Useful mostly in single-user mode or when examining a
               crash dump.
          Mmem Read memory data from mem instead of or
          Dswap
               Read swap data from swap instead of
          Nname
               Read symbols from name instead of This matters only
               under option o.

          To examine a crash dump, use ps oMdumpfile.  Option M
          changes the default swap device to

     FILES
          process images
          swap device
          kernel memory
          physical memory
          searched to find tty names
          searched to find local file system names

     SEE ALSO
          kill(1), proc(4), load(1), pstat(8)

     BUGS
          Things can change while ps is running.
          Since ps is usually set-userid, filename arguments like that
          to `-M' are potential security botches.